Everything about St Pancras Station totally explained
St Pancras railway station is a major railway station opened in 1868 and celebrated for its architecture. The station is situated in the
St Pancras area of
central London between the
British Library and
King's Cross station.
During the 2000s, the complex was renovated, expanded and reopened—branded
St Pancras International—with a new security-sealed terminal area for
Eurostar trains to continental Europe. The station is served by
King's Cross St Pancras tube station on the
London Underground network.
Background
The station is the terminus of
East Midlands Trains for services from London to the cities of
Leicester,
Nottingham,
Derby,
Sheffield, and smaller towns in between. The station provides direct passenger interconnection with
Eurostar’s high-speed services to
Paris,
Brussels and
Lille, and
First Capital Connect trains on the cross-London
Thameslink route, which stop at platforms beneath the station and offer services going south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton, or north as far as Bedford. Domestic services to Kent (run by
Southeastern) are due to start in 2009.
St Pancras is often termed the ‘cathedral of the railways’, and includes two of the most celebrated structures built in Britain in the
Victorian era. The main
train shed, completed in 1868 by the engineer
William Henry Barlow, was the largest single-span structure built up to that time. The frontage of the station is formed by St Pancras Chambers, formerly the Midland Grand Hotel (1868–1877), an impressive example of
Victorian gothic architecture.
Location and layout
St Pancras station occupies a long thin site orientated north south. The south of the site is bounded by the busy
Euston Road, with the frontage along that road provided by the former Midland Grand Hotel. Behind the hotel, the main Barlow train shed is elevated 6 m (20ft) above street level, with the area below forming the station
undercroft. To the west the station is bounded by Midland Road, with the new
British Library on the other side of the road. To the east the station is bounded by Pancras Road, with
King's Cross station on the far side of the road. To the north are the
King's Cross railway lands, a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads and the
Regent's Canal.
In order to accommodate the unusually long
Eurostar trains, and to provide capacity for the existing domestic trains to the midlands and the proposed domestic services on the high speed rail link, Barlow's existing station train shed has been extended a considerable distance northwards, by a new flat roofed train shed. The 13 platforms under this extended train shed are used by services to the
East Midlands (the western-most platforms numbered 1–4) and Eurostar services (the middle platforms numbered 5–10). Domestic high-speed services to
Kent will eventually occupy the eastern platforms (numbered 11–13). Thameslink services serve two additional underground platforms, designated A and B and constructed around the existing tunnel where it passes below the Midland Road side of the extended station.
The platforms used by Eurostar extend back into Barlow's train shed, whilst the other platforms terminate at the southern end of the extension. The Eurostar platforms don't occupy the full width of the Barlow train shed, and sections of the floor of this area have been opened up to provide natural light to the new international concourse, named
The Arcade, that lies below. This has been fashioned from the undercroft and runs the length of the Barlow train shed to the west of the Eurostar platforms. Arrival and departure lounges lie below these platforms, and are accessed from the international concourse. The southern end of the international concourse links to the western ticket hall of the
King's Cross St Pancras tube station.
The various domestic service platforms, both above and below ground level, are accessed from a new street level domestic concourse, named
The Market, that runs east west across the station below the point where Barlow's train shed meets the new extension. The domestic and international concourses meet at a right angle. The main pedestrian entrance to the station is at the eastern end of the domestic concourse, a location that will eventually link to the planned new concourse for
King's Cross station and the planned northern ticket hall for the tube station. However until these are completed, access to the tube station for domestic passengers involves either an outdoor walk to the main ticket hall, or a walk of similar length along the concourse of the international station to the western ticket hall.
At the south end of the upper level of the station, a 9 metre high, 20 tonne bronze statue named
The Meeting Place designed by British artist
Paul Day is intended to evoke the romance of travel. A nearby statue of
John Betjeman, gazing in apparent wonder at the Barlow roof, recognises his successful campaign to save the station in the
20th century.
History
Requirement for a new station
The station was commissioned by the
Midland Railway. Prior to the 1860s, the company had a concentration of routes in the Midlands and north of London but not its own route to the capital. From 1840, Midland trains to and from London ran from
Euston using the
London and North Western line via a junction at
Rugby. Congestion and delays south of Rugby quickly became commonplace as services expanded.
A new London line was proposed around 1845, towards the end of the period of speculation later dubbed "
Railway Mania". The
Great Northern line was approved by Parliament in 1846 and a Midland Railway spur from
Leicester to
Hitchin was agreed in 1847. While the Great Northern line was constructed, the Midland spur was quietly abandoned in 1850 due to financial problems. Pressure from businesses in
Leicestershire,
Northamptonshire and
Bedfordshire (notably from
William Whitbread, who owned roughly 12% of the land over which the line would run) revived the spur scheme. The line was re-presented to Parliament and approved in 1853. Building began quickly but didn't proceed at any great pace: the line was opened in mid-1857. The Midland Railway secured initial running power for seven years at a minimum of £20,000 a year. The Midland Company now had two routes into London, through Euston and King's Cross, and traffic quickly expanded to take advantage, especially with the coal trade, with the Midland Railway transporting around a fifth of the total coal to London by 1852.
In mid-1862, due to the enormous traffic for the second
International Exhibition, the Great Northern and the Midland companies clashed over the restricted capacity of the line. This was regarded as the stimulus for the Midland Company to build its own line and surveying for a 49.75 mile (80 km) line from Bedford to London began in October 1862. However, the Midland Company had been buying large portions of land in the parish of
St Pancras since 1861.
St Pancras was an unprepossessing district, with notorious slums. The area's other landmarks were the covered
Fleet River,
Regent's Canal, a gas-works, and an old church with a large graveyard. For the terminus the
Midland Railway chose a site backing onto New Road (later
Euston Road) bounded by what are now Midland Road and Pancras Road, a few hundred yards to the east of
Euston and immediately to the west of
King's Cross station. The initial plan was to take the station's approach tracks under the canal in a tunnel, although the churchyard and the gas-works were added problems. The site was occupied by housing, the estates of
Somers Town and the slums of
Agar Town. The landlords sold up for £19,500 and cleared out the residents, without compensation, for a further £200. The church was demolished and a replacement built for £12,000 in 1868–69 in
Kentish Town. The demolished church, St Luke's, was re-erected piece by piece in 1867 as a
Congregational church in
Wanstead, and still exists (now a
United Reformed church).
The company intended to connect from the site through a tunnel (the St Pancras Branch) to the new
Metropolitan Line, opened in 1863 running from
Paddington to
Farringdon Street below the Euston Road, providing for a through route to
Kent.
Design and construction
The sloping and irregular form of the site posed certain problems and the Midland Railway directors were determined to impress London with their new station. They could see the ornateness of
Euston, with its famous arch; the functional success of
Lewis Cubitt's
King's Cross; the design innovations in iron, glass and layout by
Brunel at
Paddington; and, significantly, the single span roof designs of
John Hawkshaw being built at
Charing Cross and
Cannon Street.
The initial plan of the station was laid out by
William Henry Barlow, the Midland's consulting engineer. Barlow persuaded the company to modify its original plans, raising the station 6m (20ft) on iron columns, thus providing a usable undercroft space and also allowing the approach tracks to cross the Regent's Canal on a bridge rather than a tunnel. The single span roof of 74 m (243 ft) was a collaboration between Barlow and
Rowland Mason Ordish and was the greatest built up to that time. It allowed the station to make maximum use of the space beneath without obstructions. A space for a fronting transverse hotel was included in the plan and the overall plan was accepted in early 1865.
A competition was held for the actual design of the station buildings and hotel in May 1865. Eleven architects were invited to compete, submitting their designs in August. In January 1866 the brick
Gothic revival designs of the prominent
George Gilbert Scott were chosen. There was some disquiet at the choice, in part because Scott's designs, at £315,000, were by far the most expensive. The sheer grandeur of Scott's frontage impressed the Midland Railway directors, achieving their objective of outclassing all the other stations in the capital. A subsequent financial squeeze trimmed several floors from the frontage and certain ornateness but the impressive design largely remained.
Construction of the station, minus the roof which was a separate tender, was budgeted at £310,000, and after a few problems
Waring Brothers' tender of £320,000 was accepted. The roof tender went to the
Butterley Company for £117,000. Work began in the autumn of 1864 with a temporary bridge over the canal and the demolition of Somers Town and Agar Town. Construction of the station foundations didn't start until July 1866 and delays through technical problems, especially in the roof construction, were commonplace.
The graveyard posed the initial problems - the main line was to pass over it on a girder bridge and the branch to the Metropolitan under it in a tunnel. Disturbance of the remains was expected but was, initially, carelessly handled. The tunnelling was especially delayed by the presence of decomposing human remains, the many coffins encountered, and a London-wide outbreak of cholera leading to the requirement to enclose the
River Fleet entirely in iron. Despite this the connection was completed in January 1867.
The company was hoping to complete most essential building by January 1868. The goods station in Agar Town received its first train in September 1867, but passenger services through to the Metropolitan line didn't begin until July 1868. However, the station wasn't finished when it opened, to little ceremony, on
1 October. The final rib for the trainshed roof had been fitted only in mid-September and the station was a mass of temporary structures for the passengers. The first train, an express for
Manchester, ran non-stop from
Kentish Town to Leicester - the longest non-stop run in the world at 97 miles (156 km).
The undercroft of the station was used to store
beer barrels brought by train from
Burton-upon-Trent, a major brewing town served by the Midland Railway.
Work on the Midland Grand Hotel didn't begin until mid-1868. Designed by architect
George Gilbert Scott and with construction in a number of stages, the hotel didn't open to customers until
5 May 1873. The process of adding fixtures and fittings was contentious as the Midland Railway cut Scott's perceived extravagances and only in late 1876 was Scott finally paid off. The total costs for the building were £438,000. The hotel building initially appears to be in a polychromatic Italian Gothic style – inspired by
John Ruskin's
Stones of Venice – but on a closer viewing, it incorporates features from a variety of periods and countries. From such an eclectic approach, Scott anticipated that a new genre would emerge.
Following construction services were provided by the
Midland Railway. This was a period of expansion as the major routes to Manchester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Carlisle opened.
Grouping, nationalisation and privatisation
The
20th century did not, on the whole, serve St Pancras station well. The
Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the
London and North Western Railway (LNWR) into the
London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), and the LMS adopted the LNWR's
Euston station as its principal London terminus. The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935, and the building was subsequently used as offices. During the
second world war, bombing inflicted damage on the train shed, which was only partially reglazed after the war.
At the creation of
British Railways in 1948, the previous LMS services continued to run. Destinations included the London area services to North Woolwich, St Albans and Bedford. Long distance services reached Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, with famous named trains including:
The 1960s electrification of the
WCML between London and Manchester saw the
Manchester Pullman running from St Pancras via Derby and Matlock. These trains and those to Glasgow were withdrawn following the completion of the rebuilding of Euston and the consolidation of these services.
By the 1960s, St Pancras station came to be seen as redundant, and several attempts were made to close the station and demolish the hotel (by now known as St Pancras Chambers). These attempts provoked strong and successful opposition, with the campaign led by the then
Poet Laureate,
John Betjeman.
During the sectorisation of British Rail in 1986, mainline services were provided to the East Midlands by the
InterCity sector (Midland Division), with London suburban services to St Albans, Luton and Bedford being provided by
Network South East. It was during this period (in 1988) that the
Snow Hill tunnel opened resulting in the creation of the
Thameslink route and resulting diverting of the majority of suburban trains onto the new route. However the station continued to be served by trains running on the old Midland main line to Leicester, Nottingham and Sheffield, together with a few suburban services to Bedford and Luton. This constituted only a few trains an hour and left the station underused and empty.
Following the
privatisation of British Rail, the long distance services from St Pancras were franchised to the
Midland Mainline, a
train operating company owned by the
National Express Group, with a franchise start date of
28 April 1996. The few remaining suburban trains still operating into St Pancras were operated by the
Thameslink train operating company, owned by
Govia, from
2 March 1997.
Midland Mainline had initial plans for regular trains from St Pancras to Newcastle and Manchester but these were quickly and quietly dropped. A handful of trains to and from Leeds were introduced, mainly because the High Speed Train sets were maintained there and were already running the route but empty from Sheffield. During the 2000s major rebuild of the
WCML history repeated itself with St Pancras hosting trains to Manchester, this time via the Hope Valley route, under the title of
Project Rio.
A new role is planned
The original plan for the
Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) involved a tunnel from somewhere to the south-east of London, and an underground terminus in the vicinity of
Kings Cross station. However a late change in the plans, principally driven by the then
deputy prime minister Michael Heseltine's desire for
urban regeneration in
East London, led to a change of route, with the new line approaching London from the east. This opened the possibility of reusing the largely redundant St Pancras station as the terminus, with access via the
North London Line that crosses the throat of the station.
The idea of using the North London line proved illusory, and it was rejected in 1994 by the then
transport secretary,
John MacGregor, as
difficult to construct and environmentally damaging. However the idea of using the underused St Pancras station as the core of the new terminus was retained, albeit now linked by 20
km of specially built tunnels to
Dagenham via
Stratford.
London and Continental Railways (LCR), which was created at the time of British rail privatisation, was selected by the UK government in 1996 to undertake the reconstruction of St Pancras, the construction of the CTRL and the takeover of the British share of the
Eurostar operation,
Eurostar (UK). LCR has had ownership of St Pancras station since the privatisation of British Rail in order to allow for the station's redevelopment to take place. Financial difficulties in 1998, and the collapse of
Railtrack in 2001, caused some revision of this plan, but LCR retain ownership of St Pancras station.
The design and project management of reconstruction was undertaken, on behalf of LCR, by Rail Link Engineering (RLE), a consortium of
Bechtel,
Arup,
Systra and
Halcrow. The original reference design for the station was by
Nick Derbyshire, the former head of
British Rail's in-house architecture team. The master plan of the complex was by
Foster and Partners, whilst the lead architect of the reconstruction was
Alistair Lansley, a former colleague of Nick Derbyshire recruited by RLE.
In order to accommodate the unusually long
Eurostar trains, and to provide capacity for the existing domestic trains to the midlands and the proposed domestic services on the high speed rail link, the existing station train shed was extended a considerable distance northwards, by a new flat roofed shed. As extended the station was planned to feature 13 platforms under this extended train shed. Services to the
East Midlands would use the western platforms, Eurostar services would use the middle platforms, and domestic high-speed services to
Kent would occupy the eastern platforms. The Eurostar and one of the Midland platforms would extend back into the Barlow train shed. Access to the Eurostar platforms for departing passengers would be via a departure suite on the west side of the station, and then to the platforms by a bridge above the tracks within the historic train shed. Arriving Eurostar passengers would leave the station by a new concourse at the north end of the station.
This original design was later modified, with access to the Eurostar platforms from below, utilising the station undercroft and allowing the deletion of the visually intrusive access bridge. By dropping the extension of any of the Midland platforms into the Barlow train shed, space was freed up to allow wells to be constructed in the station floor, which provided natural daylight and access to the undercroft.
The station is rebuilt
Shortly before the station rebuild commenced, the overhead wiring used by the electric suburban trains was removed, in order to allow construction to start on the eastern side of the train shed extension. As a consequence, all suburban trains from Bedford and Luton were diverted to
Kings Cross Thameslink and beyond, and the Thameslink train operating company ceased to serve St Pancras for a period. (In fact these trains only used St Pancras if there was engineering work further south on the Thameslink line.)
By early 2004, the eastern side of the extended train shed was complete, and the Barlow train shed was closed to trains. From
12 April 2004, Midland Mainline trains terminated at an interim station occupying the eastern part of the extension immediately adjacent to the entrance.
As part of the construction of the western side of the train shed extension, which now began, a new underground 'box' was constructed on the Thameslink route, which at this point ran partially under the extended station. This box was intended to eventually house new platforms for the Thameslink service. In order for this to happen, the existing Thameslink tunnels between
Kentish Town and
King's Cross Thameslink had to be closed between
11 September 2004 and
15 May 2005 while the works were carried out. As a result, Thameslink services from the north terminated in the same platforms as the Midland Mainline trains, while services from the south terminated at King's Cross Thameslink.
After the blockade of the route was finished, the new station box was still only a bare concrete shell, and couldn't take passengers. Thameslink trains reverted to their previous route, but ran through the station box without stopping. The budget for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link works didn't include work on the fitting-out of the station, as these works had originally been part of the separate
Thameslink 2000 works programme. Despite lobbying by rail operators who wished to see the station open at the same time as St Pancras International, the Government failed to provide additional funding to allow the fit out works to be completed immediately following the line blockade. Eventually, on
8 February 2006,
Alistair Darling, the then Secretary of State for Transport, announced £50 million worth of funding for the fit-out of the station, plus another £10-15 million for the installation of associated
signalling and other lineside works in the area.
In 2005 planning consent was granted for a refurbishment of the former Midland Grand Hotel building, which will be refurbished and extended as a hotel and apartment block.
By the middle of 2006, the western side of the train shed extension was complete, and on
14 July 2006 the Midland Mainline trains moved from their interim home on the east side to their ultimate home on the west side of the station.
The international station opens
From
30 October to early November 2007 Eurostar conducted a testing program in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the 'passengers' each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel. On
4 September 2007, the first test train ran from
Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras.
St Pancras station was officially re-opened as St Pancras International, and the High Speed 1 launched, on Tuesday
6 November 2007, by
HM The Queen accompanied by her consort,
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. During an elaborate opening ceremony, Henry Barlow, played by actor
Timothy West, addressed the audience, who were also entertained by the
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the singers
Lemar and
Katherine Jenkins. In a carefully staged piece of railway theatre, the first
Javelin train set and two
Eurostar train sets arrived through a cloud of
dry ice in adjacent platforms within seconds of each other.
Public service by Eurostar train via the completed High Speed 1 route started on
14 November2007. In a small ceremony, station staff cut a ribbon leading to the Eurostar platforms.
The layout of the station is essentially as designed, although the platforms for the high speed link to Kent will remain unoccupied until that service starts in 2009. In the same month that the station opened, the station's traditional services to the East Midlands were transferred to a new franchisee,
East Midlands Trains.
The low level platforms for the Thameslink services opened on
9 December 2007, and at the same time the former
Kings Cross Thameslink station closed. Since Thameslink trains last used St Pancras station, the franchise had changed hands (on
1 April 2006) and services were now operated by
First Capital Connect.
Services
East Midlands Trains (Midland Main Line)
From the
11 November 2007, St Pancras is the terminus of the
Midland Main Line and the services operated by
East Midlands Trains, with routes to the
East Midlands and
Yorkshire regions of
England. Towns and cities served include
Luton,
Bedford,
Wellingborough,
Kettering,
Market Harborough,
Leicester,
Loughborough,
Nottingham,
Derby,
Chesterfield and
Sheffield. Occasional trains also run to
Burton upon Trent,
Barnsley,
Doncaster,
Wakefield,
Leeds,
York,
Scarborough.
There are currently four services an hour (two fast, two stopping) to
Leicester station, half hourly services to
Nottingham station, half hourly services to
Derby station (with hourly continuations to Sheffield) with interval stops as mentioned above and an additional hourly commuter service between
Kettering and London.
Eurostar
The full
Eurostar timetable came into operation on
9 December 2007. The basic service provide 16 pairs of trains to and from
Paris Gare du Nord every day (17 pairs from February 2008), 10 pairs of trains to and from
Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid, and 1 pair of trains to and from
Marne-la-Vallée for
Disneyland Paris. Additional services run to Paris on Fridays and Sundays, with a reduced service to Brussels on weekends. Additional weekend leisure-oriented trains also run to the
French Alps during the
skiing season, and will run to
Avignon in the summer.
Trains observe a mixture of stops at four intermediate stations (
Ebbsfleet International,
Ashford International,
Calais-Fréthun and
Lille-Europe) with some trains running non-stop. Non-stop trains take 2 hours 15 minutes to Paris, and just under 1 hour 50 minutes to Brussels, with stopping trains taking 5 or 10 minutes longer depending on whether they make one or two stops.
First Capital Connect (Thameslink route)
On
9 December 2007, as part of the
Thameslink Programme, St Pancras gained platforms on the
Thameslink network operated by
First Capital Connect (FCC), replacing the
King's Cross Thameslink station further down the line. In line with the former station, the Thameslink platforms are designated A and B. The new station has met with some critism due to the extended length of the route from the Thameslink platforms to the underground when compared to Kings Cross Thameslink.
The Thameslink Programme involves the introduction of 12-car trains across the enlarged Thameslink network, and as extending the platforms at the existing King's Cross Thameslink station was thought wholly impractical (requiring alterations to the Clerkenwell tunnel and the
Circle/
Hammersmith & City/
Metropolitan Underground lines, which would be extremely disruptive and prohibitively expensive), a new Thameslink station was proposed, to be situated under the existing St Pancras station.
The station allows passengers to travel to destinations such as
Bedford,
Luton and
St Albans in the north, and to places like
Wimbledon,
East Croydon and
Brighton in the south. There are also direct services to
London Gatwick and
London Luton airports. The Thameslink Programme will enlarge the Thameslink network more than threefold from 50 to 172 stations.
Service patterns
Platform usage
| Platforms |
Operator |
Use |
| 1-4 |
East Midlands Trains |
Mainline services to Nottingham, Leicester, Derby, Sheffield, Barnsley, Leeds etc |
| 5-10 |
Eurostar |
International services to Paris and Brussels |
| 11-13 |
Southeastern |
Javelin high-speed to Kent Coast, from 2009 |
| A-B |
First Capital Connect |
"Thameslink" services from Bedford - Luton - St Albans - London - Gatwick - Brighton |
Future developments
In 2008, as part of the new timetable, East Midlands Trains will cut journey times from London to Sheffield (2 hours 10 minutes) and Leicester (1 hour 7 minutes) and increase service from St Pancras to five trains an hour. New services will run direct from St Pancras to
Lincoln and a new station at
East Midlands Parkway will be served by existing trains from St Pancras.
From 2009,
Southeastern services to
Kent over High Speed 1 will occupy the eastern platforms (numbered 11–13), previously used by the
Midland Mainline and
Thameslink services during the construction phase.
Also in 2009, the new hotel and apartments occupying the original Midland Grand Hotel building will open. A
five-star hotel, owned by
Marriott International, will occupy parts of the original hotel, including the main public rooms, together with a new bedroom wing on the western side of the Barlow trainshed. The apartments, which are being developed by the
Manhattan Loft Corporation, will occupy the majority of the upper floors of the main block of the original hotel.
Eurostar is only considering calling at
Stratford International as the first stop from St Pancras, once the
Docklands Light Railway extension is completed. Presently there's no fixed connection between the International and domestic (
Regional) stations at Stratford. The DLR extension is due to be completed in 2010.
In 2011, the subway under Pancras Road from the eastern entrance of the St Pancras's domestic concourse, built as part of the station extension, will be opened. This will connect St Pancras station to the new northern ticket hall of the
King's Cross St Pancras tube station and the new concourse of
King's Cross railway station, both of which are currently under construction and due to open in that year.
During the
2012 Olympic Games, St Pancras will be the terminus for the
Olympic Javelin, a seven minute shuttle service designed to ferry spectators between the
Olympic Park in
Stratford and Central London.
There are proposals to extend East Midlands Trains service to a reopened
Corby railway station, but no firm date has been set for this.
King's Cross St Pancras tube station
Major work is ongoing at
King's Cross St Pancras tube station to link the various station entrances to two new ticket halls for
London Underground and reduce overcrowding.
Fictional uses
St Pancras station can be recognized in the exterior shots of King's Cross station in the Harry Potter film series.
St Pancras appears at the end of the street in the 1955 Ealing comedy The Ladykillers.
The music video for the Spice Girls song "Wannabe" was filmed inside St Pancras.
Part of the film 102 Dalmatians was shot in St Pancras.
The interior corridor and stairwell shots of Arkham Asylum in the film Batman Begins were shot in the disused Midland Grand Hotel.
This is the station Gordon ends up going to in the Railway Series book The Eight Famous Engines, in the story 'Gordon goes foreign' after an argument with Duck,and Big City Engine or The Foreign Engine over stations in London.
This station is the location of Valhalla in Douglas Adams's The Long Dark Teatime of the Soul.
Notes and references
Further Information
Get more info on 'St Pancras Station'.
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